Materials And Manufacturing Of The Crankshaft Engineering Essay

Materials And Manufacturing Of The Crankshaft Engineering Essay This paper reports presents the result of an analysis on materials and manufacturing of an engineering component the crankshaft. Crankshaft specifications, material selection manufacturing processes are first analyzed using CES and then the design aspect manufacturing process is discussed. INTRODUCTION: Crankshaft is a large component in the vehicle engine which converts linear energy into rotational energy by the displacement of the piston to a rotator motion. Functions of crankshaft: The crankshaft, connecting rods, piston constitute a crank mechanism which converts the linear motion of the piston to rotary motion. Thus the concept design of an engine is that the output would be rotation. Generally the linear displacement of an engine is not smooth as the displacement is caused by combustion of gas in the combustion chamber. So the displacement has sudden shocks and using this input for other devices may cause damage to it. Thus crankshaft is used to change these sudden displacements to a smooth rotational output such that it can be input to other devices like pumps, generators and compressors. For this fly wheel is also used for smoothing the shocks. Service requirements: The stresses which arise in a crankshaft are mainly due to bending and torsion. The stresses can be: Due to bending from combustion load Due to axial bending from axial thrust variation Due to high tensile hoop set up on the webs Radial stress on the pins by the shrinkage of webs on journals Due to transmission of variable torque producing twisting of main bearing and crankpins Shear stress on the crankpin bearing journals due Temperature: Do be done Chemical atmosphere: To be done Crankshaft drawings: MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS / SELECTION: Crankshaft materials should have adequate strength, toughness, hardness and high fatigue strength. The major crankshaft material competitors in the industry are forged steel and cast iron. Comparison of the performance of these materials is with respect to the CES Analysis. Medium Carbon alloy: Medium carbon alloy consists of predominantly iron and also small percentage of carbon (0,25% to 0.45% i.e. 25 to 45 points of carbon) and also several other combinations of alloying elements. The alloying elements used are magnesium, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, cobalt, vanadium and sometime aluminum and titanium. The resultant alloy will have properties like harden ability, nitridability, surface and core hardness, ultimate tensile strength, ductility, impact resistance, corrosion resistance and tempering and brittle resistance. The carbon content in this combination is the ultimate strength and hardness. This is an advantage as crankshafts operates under high loads and requires high strength. Nodular Cast Iron: This Cast Iron has 3 to 4% of carbon and 1.8 to 2.8% of silicon and graphite nodules. To achieve this 0.02 % residual cerium or 0.05% of residual magnesium or both are added and melted. Due to this Sulphur is removed and small spheroids are formed in the cast material. The surface hardness of modular iron is greater than steel of similar strength, induction hardening can produce a surface with brinell number of 550 to 580. Nodular cast iron has the advantageous properties like low melting point, good fluidility, cast ability, machinability, and wear resistance over mechanical properties of steel like relatively high strength, hardness, toughness, workability and harden ability. Modular steel is better than Nodular Cast iron is justified by the graph produced by CES. MANUFACTURING ROUTE SELECTION: Crankshafts are manufactured from steel either by forging or casting. crankshafts are stronger than the cast crankshaft but are more expensive. The process of forging makes a very dense, tough shaft with a grain running parallel to the principal stress direction. The cost involved in material and machining of crankshaft using casting process is reduced as it makes use of required shape and size including counter weights. The metal grain structure is uniform and random throughout and so cast crankshaft can handle loads from all directions. Counter weights on cast crankshaft are slightly larger than counterweights on forged crankshafts as the cast metal is less dense and so they are higher. The evolution of the modular cast irons and improvements in techniques allows the manufacturers to prefer cast irons shafts for moderate loads. But for heavy duty applications forged shafts are favored. DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED MANUFACTURING PROCESS: Manufacturing process can be broken in to steps: The manufacturing route for forged steel crankshaft is usually hot forging, machining, heat treatment, surface treatment and inspection. Forging: Generally Hot Forging process id used to form crankshafts. The billet of suitable size is heated. The temperature would typically range from 1050 1250 °c and the pressed into required shape by squeezing the billet between dies under very high pressure. Extreme deformation is also possible but requires different dies for shaping. Then the resultant product is removed by gas cutting. Machining: Machining can be done using the following steps: Centering: It is a process that decides suitability of the end product. Turning: it is a process that processes journals, flanges, front axis, pins and recess for fillet rolling. Induction Hardening: To increases hardness Pins, journals, oil seal part and flange are quenched by induction hardening machine. Fillet Roll machining: this process is done to the journal and pins of the crankshaft use fillet rolling machine. Milling: This process is used for surface roughness to be made accurate as per the drawing structure of that of the journal pin, edge axis and the flange by milling machines. Balance; this process is used to balance by boring a hole through weight in order to stabilize pin weight to avoid vibrations. Heat Treatment: The desired strength of the material is achieved by a process known as heat treatment. Surface finishing: Steps involved in surface finishing; Surface Hardening: to create a hardened surface the ion-nitriding process is done by exposing the cranks to a nitrogen mix. These nitrogen mixes reacts with the surface and thus gives hardened surface. Shot à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Blasting: A process adopted to improve the surface quantity. In this process the surface of the material is attacked by different types of shots. The shots can be sand, steel balls or silicon carbide (granules). This is done to remove scale from the surface. Computer Aided Grinding Face Grinding: this process is used to improve the surface finish of crankshaft. Final Washing: This is done using anti-corrosive oil. Inspection: Using sophisticated Profilometer the crankshaft is inspected. For ensuring the quality of finishing product manual inspection is also done. CONCLUCION: Advanced Analysis allowed the mass and the inertia crankshaft by still maintaining levels of balance, durability and torsional vibration. 30% mass reduction 35% inertia reduction Final product had high durability even after setting the revoluon limiter was set to 1600 rpm and despite the increase in twist due to torsional vibration.

Religion at the time of the Communist Manifesto Essay -- Karl Marx Rel

Religion at the time of the Communist Manifesto Following the Industrial Revolution in 19th century Europe, change was in full swing and religion began to have different meanings for different people. The upper-class citizens used Religion, namely Christianity, and the power that it possessed in an attempt to keep their high status in society, while the lower class turned to faith so that their lives could possibly improve. Instead of religion being the cornerstone of faith and worship amongst all people, it was being used for power and money by the upper class. Even worse, religious leaders were using the upper class people as well, gaining money and authority from their endorsement. A man by the name of Karl Marx saw what was happening and thus spoke out about it, declaring religion as â€Å"the opium of the people.†[1] He had a vision for equality, and wrote it down in the form of the Communist Manifesto; however nowhere in this document were aspirations of religious harmony. Religion was becoming the c atalyst for class separation and social mayhem in 19th century Europe, and according to Karl Marx, equality was only possible with the abolition of it as a whole. In a time where industry was at a peak, and the wealthy citizens, or bourgeois, were getting richer and richer, religion was being used as a way to make money and ensure the power of the upper class, while the lower class proletariats could but watch their lives fade away into the horrific conditions of the working class, with little hope due to the lack of lower class education.[2] As religions spread out freely, the authoritarian peoples frequently used their power to embrace religion as a moneymaker, and prevent liberty from turning ... ...eger, 1961.) 33 [4] Armstrong, 178 [5] Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, trans. Samuel Moore (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company, 1989) [6] Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844 (London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1892) 45, 48-51. [7]) McClellan, 63 [8] Sherman, Dennis , and Joyce Salisbury. The West in the World. (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2001.) 617 [9] Lichtheim, 42. [10] Butterfield, Herbert. Christianity in European History. (London: Collins, 1951) 5. [11] Sherman, Salisbury, 617 Links: Professor Santamarina's webpage http://www.marxist.com/Theory/marxism_and_religion.html http://www.faithnet.freeserve.co.uk/marxism.htm http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bookchin/comman.html http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/index.htm

Book vs Movie Essay

There are different ways to get a story from different sources in modern times. Books have been good sources for stories, but movies are getting more popular and have the same story with the books. Why people still reading books; and others are prefer watching the movies? Reading books and watching movies have a lot in common, but there are some differences that makes the readers remain faithful to reading books. Reading books and watching movies are similar because they are telling the same story. They give the reader or the audience the same feelings after reading or watching about the story. The reader can feel sad of the story in a book while the audience can also feel the same after watching about the story in the movie. The general ideas, which are themes and main characters of the story, are the same. For example, Romeo and Juliet is romantic no matter it is read from a book or watched from a movie. A book and a movie both have a beginning, rising actions, and a resolution. The story are formed in the same structure regardless to it is a book or a movie. Even though there are similarities; reading books and watching movies give details through different ways. By reading the books, the reader has to open his mind for imaginations. Books only show words, and the images of the story are imagined in the brain. On the other hand, movies give a particular picture of the story to the audiences, and the audiences get details through visual and hearing. The audiences can only get what is shown in the movies but can’t think outside the box for more creative thinking. The readers can have different feedbacks to the story, but the audiences can only agree with the movies; therefore, reading books and watching movies make the readers or audiences response differently. Watching movies can save a lot of time, but reading books could take a long time depending on the speed of reading. For those who can’t read fast, they would prefer watching movies. A movie will take about two hours, but reading a book could take more than two weeks for some readers. People think reading books and watching movies are the same, so they will choose to watch the movie for their time’s sake. Watching the movie can give them a better picture about the story because it is visual and is within a shorter period of time; therefore, the audience can remember the story easier. Besides, movies keep on renewing every week, but a new book needs to be written and published which will take a long time. That’s why people who like new and fresh things will prefer watching movies. Although watching  movies seems to be more convenient, but people are still reading books. The reason is that books give more details to the readers and usually reveal more characters that are not shown in the movies. Movie producers need to cut away some details because they need to squeeze everything into one to two hours. Books can attract the reader to continue reading and give some suspense so that the reader will be hooked or tempted to finish the book to find out the truth. Reading books can improve the reader’s writing and reading skills, but watching movies brings nothing else but entertainment. Before movies were invented, most of the people read books to entertain and improve themselves. Since movies came out, people are attracted by the beautiful and colorful graphics in the movies but have forgotten the books which are full of details and meanings. People are too obsessed to the shortcuts and mirth’s from the movies, but maybe they should just grab a book, sit down, and read a good book. In my opinion I rather have the time to sit and enjoy reading a great book full of entertainment. In most cases people would watch the movie which tells the story in a short amount of time which is more convenient for them. Either they’re lazy or careless about reading the whole book ful l of fun and detail. That how I enjoy the full version of the story in which I take my time to enjoy.

Analysis of Success Factors in the World Toy Industry Free Essay Example, 1000 words

The last but equally important success factor that can be associated with the toy industry is the type of toy that a particular company produces. According to quote (year), consumer behavior in the toy industry is shifted towards a part where there is a repeated endorsement for types of toys, which remains the order for buyers for a very long time. In the report by Key Note (2014), this is confirmed by a modern trend where tablets for children seem to have taken the place of traditional toys. Dynamism in production can, therefore, be noted as a perfect solution in the current endeavor by ensuring that toy manufacturing companies will look into ways by which they can incorporate features of the tablet technology into their products if they are to succeed in the UK market (quote). What are Green Toy s competitive advantages in the international toy market? 2 [184]In any competitive market, companies need the competitive advantage to win the favor of available consumers over their comp etitors (quote). This means that having competitive advantage makes it possible to survive in any competitive market (quote). We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Success Factors in the World Toy Industry or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Reading about Green Toy Inc. , an impression that is developed is that the company has benefited immensely from its brand equity. Meanwhile, brand equity is identified as a major competitive advantage, that makes companies and their brands identifiable to consumers (quote). Emphasising on how brand equity serves as a competitive advantage, quote (year) explained that consumers always wish for there to be variations on the market. But as the variety becomes many, they become skeptical on which products guarantee the quality they want. In a situation like this, these consumers tend to fall on companies with long-standing names in the industry from which they are buying from. This means that brand equity is a competitive advantage that older companies use over relatively new companies.